We have previously blogged on the thorny (or perhaps thistly?) issue of whether a belief in Scottish independence could be considered a philosophical belief benefiting from protection under the Equality Act 2010. In a headline grabbing finding the Glasgow Employment Tribunal has now confirmed that it can be.
What does the law say?
Under the Equality Act 2010 it is unlawful to discriminate in the workplace because of religion, religious belief, philosophical belief or lack of religion or belief. The Employment Appeal Tribunal has previously given guidance on the criteria for a belief to be protected:
- The belief must be genuinely held. Evidence that the belief is held may be required.
- It must be a belief, not an opinion or viewpoint based on the present state of information available. It may however be based on science e.g. Darwinism.
- It must be a belief as to a weighty and substantial aspect of human life and behaviour.
- It must attain a certain level of cogency, seriousness, cohesion and importance.
- It must be worthy of respect in a democratic society, not be incompatible with human dignity and not conflict with the fundamental rights of others.
- It must "have a similar status or cogency to a religious belief". However, it need not "allude to a fully-fledged system of thought".
- It does not necessarily need to be shared by others.
- While "support of a political party" does not of itself amount to a philosophical belief, belief in a political philosophy or doctrine, such as Marxism or free-market Capitalism, might qualify.
Where a philosophical belief is protected under the Equality Act 2010 this means that any detriment suffered by an employee as a result could amount to unlawful discrimination.
The facts
The case was brought against the Ministry of Defence (MoD) by leader of the SNP group opposition on Inverclyde Council, Christopher McEleny. Mr McEleny claims constructive dismissal from his job as an electrician at the MoD munitions site in Beith, Ayrshire, as well as discrimination in relation to his belief in Scottish Independence.
Mr McEleny announced his candidacy in 2016 for the SNP deputy leadership election. Around the time of leadership hustings Mr McEleny alleges that the MoD revoked his site security clearance and suspended him from duties.
It was further alleged that security officials questioned Mr McEleny at his home regarding his mental health and his stance on Trident, Irish politics and Rangers FC. Mr McEleny was later reinstated but chose to resign claiming that he had been unfairly singled out.
The arguments
As a preliminary issue the tribunal had to consider whether belief in Scottish Independence could qualify as a philosophical belief under the Equality Act 2010.
According to media coverage, Mr McEleny sought to rely on the earlier case of Grainger plc v Nicholson where an employee had successfully argued his belief in climate change should be protected under the Act. It was argued that his belief in Scottish Independence was not based on a belief that it would improve the social and economic circumstances of the Scottish people but rather on a fundamental belief that Scotland has a right to self-govern. His viewsinfluenced his 'choices, actions and decisions'.
While the MoD noted that Mr McEleny's belief was worthy of respect in a democratic society, they argued it did not have a similar status or cogency to a religious belief and was more akin to a political opinion. They further argued that a belief in independence does not impact on people in a general senseor provide a moral and ethical code by which people choose to live their lives.
The decision
The employment judge decided that although membership of the SNP and a belief in its values is not enough of itself to constitute a philosophical belief, Mr McEleny'sbelief in Scottish independence was a sufficiently cogent and important view to be a philosophical belief. His views on independence were more than just a political opinion and were based on a fundamental belief that Scotland has a right to self-govern. The judge found that sovereignty and self-determination were 'weighty and substantial aspects of human life', being persuaded that 'how a country should be governed is sufficiently serious to amount to a protected philosophical belief'.
The MoD applied for a reconsideration but the judge confirmed the original decision, being satisfied that:
- Mr McEleny's belief in Scottish independence could be 'severed and considered separately' from his belief in the social democratic values of the SNP; and
- It was not necessary to find that each of the 1.5 million people who had voted Yes in 2014 shared exactly the same sort of belief as Mr McEleny.
The case will now proceed to a full hearing to decide whether or not Mr McEleny had in fact been discriminated against.
Comment
This is being seen as a potential landmark decision and has been given significant media coverage. Brodies' Head of Employment Law, Tony Hadden, predicted a challenge of this typeback in 2014 prior to the referendum vote. Employees can be expected to be more aware of the issues raised in the case than previously.
It should be remembered that whether any belief is protected under the Equality Act will depend on the facts and whether, and to what extent, the belief affects how the person lives their life. Just because a belief has beenprotected in the past does not necessarily mean that the same conclusion would be reached in a different case.
Please get in touch if you would like more information or to discuss any aspect of religion or belief discrimination in the workplace. Workbox users can access a dedicated page on religion or belief discrimination which has some practical advice and FAQs.
This blog was originally published on 3 September 2018; and updated on 12 March 2019